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- March 1991
-
-
- SUCCESSFUL INTERVIEWING
-
- By
-
- James R. Ryals
- Commander
- Long Beach, California, Police Department
-
-
- Interviewing is one form of communication used extensively
- by law enforcement. Whether used to screen applicants, to elicit
- information from a witness to a crime, or to obtain a confession,
- a good interview can have a significant impact on the
- organization. However, if conducted improperly, the interview
- may be rendered worthless or can result in serious negative
- consequences for all involved.
-
- There are certain guidelines to follow when conducting an
- interview. By adhering to the following basic rules, the
- interviewer can reduce many of the problems that might arise
- because of a faulty interview.
-
- * Develop a plan of action. The interviewer should review
- pertinent data and develop questions that will elicit
- the information required to complete the task at hand.
- For example, for applicant interviews, questions should
- be tailored to gather information that accurately
- evaluates the potential employee. On the other hand,
- questions posed to witnesses of a crime should be
- designed to obtain facts to complete an accurate report.
- For the most part, interviewers should prepare areas of
- inquiry in a general way to keep the interview flowing.
- Previously prepared questions tend to "drive" the
- interview in a particular direction, which limits the
- type and amount of information gathered.
-
- * Conduct the interview privately. While this basic rule
- is oftentimes difficult to follow, depending on the
- circumstances, every effort should be made to minimize
- distractions during the interview.
-
- * Put the interviewee at ease. Emotions and stress play a
- big part in any type of interview, and the interviewer
- will have a difficult time evaluating a nervous person.
- Starting the interview casually with nonthreatening
- conversation can have a calming effect. By defusing
- negative feelings and reinforcing positive ones, the
- interviewer can deal with the emotions exhibited by the
- interviewee.
-
- * Let the person being interviewed do the talking. One of
- the biggest mistakes the interviewer can make is to talk
- too much. Accurate evaluations of applicants or
- gathering crucial information regarding a crime depends
- on letting the interviewee talk under controlled
- conditions. The interviewer should control the
- interview, not dominate it.
-
- * Perfect questioning techniques. Knowing how to ask
- questions is just as important as knowing what questions
- to ask. Also, making questions easy to understand is
- critical. This allows the person being interviewed to
- concentrate on answering the questions, not on trying to
- decipher what they mean.
-
- * Select questions carefully. Use closed-ended questions
- (yes/no answers) sparingly because they only require a
- short answer and usually only confirm factual data.
- Open-ended questions force the interviewee to talk and
- elaborate on the matter at hand. For example, when
- interviewing witnesses to a crime, the interviewer
- should ask the witnesses to relate in their own words
- what they saw. This allows the interviewer to better
- assess the reliability of the information obtained.
- Interviewers should refrain from asking hypothetical
- questions of potential employees. Such questions tend
- to evaluate the applicant's ability to guess what answer
- the interviewer wants to hear. The best guesser then
- gets the job. Questions posed to potential employees
- should center on what the person has already done that
- relates to the position applied for by the applicant.
- Leading questions, which contain the answer, and loaded
- questions, which ask the person interviewed to choose
- the lesser of two evils, should always be avoided.
-
- * Be a good listener. A good interviewer is a good
- listener. Interviewers must discipline themselves to
- focus on what is being said and how it is being said.
- They should not look ahead to subsequent questions or
- begin to analyze an answer before the person finishes.
- Nor should they anticipate what the answer will be.
-
- * Don't challenge answers given. Interviewers must keep
- emotional reactions private and should not let personal
- feelings interfere with the interview. There is time to
- document problems after the interview.
-
- * Stay in control. During an interview, some people try
- to digress from questions asked. Proper preparation is
- the key to maintain control of the interview and to
- ensure that it does not get off course.
-
- * Take brief notes. Notes allow the interviewer to recall
- important details revealed during the interview.
- However, while making notes, the interviewer should not
- lose eye contact with the person. Excessive note-taking
- causes the person being questioned to slow down
- responses in order to accommodate the interviewer.
-
- * Conclude the interview properly. It is the
- responsibility of the interviewer to signal the end of
- the interview. This can be done by simply closing a
- notebook, standing up, or announcing that the interview
- is over.
-
- * Write a summary immediately following the interview.
- This helps the interviewer to recall important
- information should questions arise later.
-
- * Learn from experience. Critiquing helps to identify
- areas that need improvement and to develop interviewing
- techniques.
-
- These basic rules are merely guidelines to follow when
- conducting an interview. While they will not alleviate all the
- problems that can arise during an interview, they will assist in
- developing the skills required of a successful interviewer.